In the United States we honor the Irish on Saint
Patrick’s Day, the Italians on Columbus Day, and the Mexicans on
Cinco de Mayo. But what the heck is Cinco de Mayo?
Most Americans think that Cinco de Mayo (the 5th of May) celebrates Mexican
Independence Day. Not so. Mexican Independence Day is September 16. Then
what is Cinco de Mayo?
After Mexico won its independence from Spain in 1821, it went through
forty years of internal power struggles and rebellions. By 1861 the country’s
finances were so bad that the nation owed 80 million pesos in foreign
debts. Mexico’s president, Benito Juarez, pledged to pay off these
debts eventually but, as an emergency measure, he suspended all payment
for two years.
In France, Napoleon III saw this as an opportunity to establish French
colonies in Latin America. He believed that the United States was too
involved with the Civil War to try and enforce the Monroe Doctrine, and
that if the South won the war—and after the Battle of Bull Run
it looked like they might—opposition to his plan would be minimal.
Napoleon enlisted England and Spain to join him in a mission to encourage
Mexico to pay off its foreign debts. The mission began with the landing
of French, English and Spanish troops at Vera Cruz. The French minister
then demanded that Mexico pay 12 million pesos to France, an impossible
amount, given the state of the Mexican treasury.
Napoleon then set up a provisional government with his personal emissary
as its head, and brought in a much larger French army to enforce it.
England and Spain, now realizing Napoleon’s scheme for French domination,
protested France’s moves and withdrew their forces.
The French, now alone, marched 6000 dragoons and foot soldiers to occupy
Mexico City. On May 5 (Cinco de Mayo), 1862, on their way to the capital,
the French soldiers entered the town of Puebla. To stop the French, the
Mexicans garrisoned a rag-tag army of 4000 men at Puebla, most of them
armed with fifty-year-old antiquated guns. The French general, contemptuous
of the Mexicans, ordered his men to charge right into the center of the
Mexican defenses.
The handsomely uniformed French cavalry charged through soggy ditches,
over crumbling adobe walls, and up the steep slopes of the Cerro de Guadalupe,
right into the Mexican guns. When the shooting was over, the French ended
up with a thousand dead troops. The Mexicans then counter-attacked and
drove the French all the way to the coast.
Now the honor of France was at stake. Napoleon III committed an additional
28,000 men to the struggle. They eventually took over Puebla and Mexico
City. Napoleon next arranged for the young archduke Maximilian (photo
above), brother of Austria’s Emperor Franz Joseph, to establish
himself as emperor of Mexico, as a way to set up a legitimate-seeming
government, while insuring French interests in Mexico. Maximilian’s
reign lasted just three years. On June 19, 1867, he was executed by a
firing squad, four months after the last French troops left the country.
Every 5th of May in Mexico, school children throughout the country celebrate
the victory of the Mexican people over the French at the Battle of Puebla,
but these celebrations are minor compared to their counterparts in the
United States, where millions of Americans drink beer, eat tacos and
hold parties to celebrate Cinco de Mayo, even though they have no idea
what the holiday is all about.
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